Orofacial Cleft Patterns and Associated Risk Factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicenter Study

Abstract

Orofacial clefts represent one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies worldwide, with significant variations in prevalence and patterns across different geographical regions and populations. This multicenter study examines the epidemiological patterns, clinical presentations, and risk factors associated with orofacial clefts in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region where data remains relatively scarce despite the substantial burden of disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of clinical data from multiple healthcare centers across the region, this research identifies critical environmental, genetic, nutritional, and socioeconomic factors contributing to the occurrence of cleft lip and palate conditions. The findings reveal that Sub-Saharan Africa exhibits unique demographic patterns in orofacial clefts, with cleft lip with or without cleft palate being more prevalent than isolated cleft palate. Furthermore, the study highlights significant associations between maternal nutritional deficiencies, particularly folic acid insufficiency, consanguineous marriages, exposure to environmental teratogens, and limited access to prenatal care as major risk factors. The results underscore the urgent need for enhanced preventive strategies, improved surgical capacity, and comprehensive multidisciplinary care protocols tailored to the specific challenges faced by Sub-Saharan African populations. This research contributes valuable insights to the global understanding of orofacial clefts and provides evidence-based recommendations for public health interventions in resource-limited settings.