Fluoride Content Analysis of Locally Available Drinking Water Sources and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the East African Rift Valley

Abstract

The East African Rift Valley represents one of the most geologically significant regions globally, characterized by extensive volcanic activity that has profound implications for groundwater chemistry. This comprehensive study examines the fluoride concentration in drinking water sources across the East African Rift Valley and investigates the subsequent prevalence of dental fluorosis among local populations. Through systematic analysis of published data from Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, this research reveals that fluoride concentrations in groundwater sources frequently exceed the World Health Organization's recommended maximum guideline value of 1.5 mg/L, with some areas reporting concentrations reaching 20-30 mg/L. The investigation demonstrates a strong correlation between elevated fluoride levels in drinking water and the manifestation of dental fluorosis, particularly affecting children and adolescents who represent the most vulnerable demographic groups. This study synthesizes hydrogeochemical data, epidemiological findings, and public health implications to provide a comprehensive understanding of fluoride-related health challenges in this unique geological setting. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated water management strategies, community-based defluoridation initiatives, and targeted public health interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive fluoride exposure in affected communities.