International Journal of Dental Sciences & Research
International Journal of Dental Sciences & Research is indexed, refereed, peer reviewed, open access journal which emphasize high level research, dissemination and application of research findings related to dental and oral health and the interactions between oral and systemic health. The aim of this journal is to disseminate knowledge and to explore the information through the publication of peer-reviewed, high quality, scientific papers and other material on all topics relating to dental and oral health. This journal offer researchers of every field to make a stride ahead and get the best researches for drug in the field of dental which incorporates the practice, study, analysis, management, prevention, and treatment of infections, disorders and conditions related. Topics covered in this Journal include Basic Dentistry, Dental and Oral Health, Dental and Oral Abnormalities, Oral Health and Other Diseases, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hypnodontics, Current Concepts in Oral Health, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, Laser Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontology, Robotic in Dentistry and Dental Laboratory Technology. Starting Year of publication : 2021 Frequency : Biannual Language of Publication : English Subject : Medical Sciences Publication Format : Online Publisher : Dr Eric Kwasi Elliason Publisher's Address : West Windy Ridge, P.O. Box MC 1096, Takoradi, Western Region, Ghana, West Africa. Digital Address: H123 JCR035 COLE ST WS-289-2216
Incidence and Etiology of Maxillofacial Injuries from Road Traffic Accidents in Africa: A Multi-Country Analysis
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) represent a critical public health challenge across the African continent, contributing significantly to the burden of maxillofacial injuries. This multi-country analysis examines the incidence, etiology, and demographic patterns of maxillofacial trauma resulting from road traffic accidents across diverse African populations. Through comprehensive review of epidemiological data from multiple African nations, this study reveals that maxillofacial injuries constitute approximately 40-60% of all trauma cases presenting to emergency departments following RTAs, with young males aged 21-40 years representing the most affected demographic group. The predominant mechanisms of injury include motorcycle accidents, vehicular collisions, and pedestrian-vehicle impacts, with mandibular fractures emerging as the most common skeletal injury pattern. Significant regional variations exist in injury patterns, influenced by factors including road infrastructure quality, vehicle safety standards, helmet usage compliance, and access to emergency medical services. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted preventive strategies, enhanced trauma care systems, and evidence-based policy interventions to reduce the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with RTA-related maxillofacial injuries in Africa. This analysis provides essential baseline data to inform public health planning, resource allocation, and injury prevention programs across the continent.
Maxillofacial injuries, road traffic accidents, trauma epidemiology, Africa, mandibular fractures, injury prevention
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Dental Sciences & Research
Management of Mandibular Fractures in African Trauma Centers: A Comparative Study of Treatment Modalities
Mandibular fractures represent one of the most common facial injuries encountered in trauma centers across Africa, with distinct epidemiological patterns and treatment challenges compared to developed regions. This comparative study examines the management approaches employed in African trauma centers, analyzing the efficacy of various treatment modalities including closed reduction, open reduction with internal fixation, and external fixation techniques. The research synthesizes data from multiple African countries to evaluate outcomes, complications, and resource utilization patterns. Findings indicate that while open reduction and internal fixation remains the gold standard, resource constraints and patient factors necessitate adaptive treatment strategies. The study reveals significant variations in treatment protocols across different African regions, with success rates ranging from 82% to 94% depending on the modality employed and institutional resources. Understanding these contextual factors is crucial for optimizing mandibular fracture management in resource-limited settings and improving patient outcomes across the African continent.
Mandibular fractures, maxillofacial trauma, African trauma centers, treatment modalities, open reduction internal fixation, closed reduction
Cultural Perceptions and Acceptance of Complete Dentures Among Edentulous Elderly Africans
Edentulism represents a significant public health challenge among elderly populations in Africa, where cultural beliefs, socioeconomic factors, and healthcare accessibility intersect to influence treatment acceptance. This research examines the multifaceted cultural perceptions surrounding complete denture acceptance among edentulous elderly Africans, exploring how traditional beliefs, social stigma, and cultural practices shape prosthodontic treatment outcomes. Drawing from contemporary literature and empirical evidence across diverse African regions, this study reveals that denture acceptance is profoundly influenced by cultural constructs of aging, oral health literacy, and community attitudes toward tooth loss. The findings indicate that while functional restoration remains a primary concern, aesthetic considerations and social reintegration play equally crucial roles in treatment acceptance. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on culturally sensitive dental care delivery and provides evidence-based recommendations for improving prosthodontic service uptake among elderly African populations. Understanding these cultural dynamics is essential for dental professionals, policymakers, and healthcare providers seeking to develop effective, culturally appropriate interventions that enhance quality of life for edentulous elderly individuals across the African continent.
Edentulism, complete dentures, cultural perceptions, elderly Africans, prosthodontic acceptance, oral health beliefs, dental rehabilitation
Survival Rates of Dental Implants in African Patients: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
The success of dental implant therapy has been extensively documented in Western populations, yet limited evidence exists regarding implant survival rates in African patients. This prospective cohort study examines the 5-year survival rates of dental implants placed in African patients across multiple clinical settings, with particular attention to factors influencing implant success. A total of 847 implants placed in 412 patients across five African countries were monitored from 2018 to 2023. The overall cumulative survival rate was 94.2% at 5 years, with variations observed based on geographic location, bone quality, implant site, and patient-specific factors. Maxillary implants demonstrated a survival rate of 92.8% compared to 95.1% in the mandible. Factors such as smoking status, diabetes control, and oral hygiene compliance significantly influenced outcomes. The findings suggest that dental implant therapy can achieve comparable success rates in African populations when proper protocols are followed, though specific considerations related to bone density patterns, dietary factors, and healthcare accessibility must be addressed. This study provides crucial baseline data for clinicians treating African patients and highlights the need for culturally adapted treatment protocols and patient education strategies.
Dental implants, survival rate, African patients, osseointegration, implant failure, longitudinal study
Challenges in Providing Removable Prosthodontic Care in Rural African Settings: A Retrospective Analysis
Access to quality dental prosthodontic services remains a significant challenge in rural African communities, where populations face multiple barriers to oral healthcare delivery. This retrospective analysis examines the multifaceted obstacles encountered in providing removable prosthodontic care across rural African settings, drawing from clinical data, healthcare reports, and population-based studies conducted between 2015 and 2024. The study identifies critical challenges including inadequate infrastructure, shortage of trained prosthodontists, limited material supply chains, socioeconomic barriers, and cultural factors that collectively impede the delivery of prosthodontic services. Through systematic examination of case records and healthcare facility data from nine African countries, this analysis reveals that only 12-18% of rural populations requiring prosthodontic intervention receive adequate treatment. The findings underscore the urgent need for policy interventions, innovative service delivery models, and capacity-building initiatives to address the growing burden of edentulism in underserved African communities. This research contributes to the broader discourse on oral health equity and provides evidence-based recommendations for improving prosthodontic care accessibility in resource-limited settings.
Removable prosthodontics, rural healthcare, dental services, Africa, edentulism, healthcare accessibility, oral health equity
Tooth Wear Patterns and Dietary Factors Among Indigenous African Communities: A Cross-Cultural Study
Tooth wear represents a significant anthropological indicator of dietary practices, environmental adaptations, and cultural behaviors among indigenous populations. This cross-cultural study examines the relationship between tooth wear patterns and dietary factors across diverse indigenous African communities, incorporating data from archaeological evidence, contemporary ethnographic observations, and dental anthropological research. The investigation encompasses multiple ethnic groups including the Hadza of Tanzania, San peoples of Southern Africa, Maasai pastoralists, and various agricultural communities across the continent. Analysis of dental attrition, abrasion, and erosion patterns reveals significant correlations between subsistence strategies and tooth wear severity. Hunter-gatherer populations demonstrate distinct wear patterns characterized by heavy occlusal attrition and enamel chipping, primarily attributed to consumption of unprocessed plant materials and the inadvertent ingestion of soil particles and grit. Conversely, pastoralist communities exhibit moderate wear patterns associated with dairy-based diets and lower consumption of abrasive materials. Agricultural societies present intermediate wear characteristics, influenced by grain processing techniques and dietary diversity. This comprehensive analysis incorporates epidemiological data, biochemical analyses of dietary components, and comparative morphological assessments to elucidate the multifaceted relationship between nutrition and dental health. The findings contribute to our understanding of human adaptation, provide insights for contemporary dental health interventions, and offer methodological frameworks for future anthropological research. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional dietary knowledge while addressing modern dental health challenges facing indigenous communities.
Tooth wear, dental anthropology, indigenous African populations, dietary patterns, dental attrition, subsistence strategies, hunter-gatherers, pastoralism
Single vs. Multiple Visit Root Canal Treatment: Outcomes and Patient Preferences in African Dental Practices
Root canal treatment remains one of the most common endodontic procedures performed globally, with ongoing debate regarding the optimal number of visits required for successful outcomes. This research examines the comparative effectiveness of single-visit versus multiple-visit root canal treatments within the unique context of African dental practices, considering clinical outcomes, patient preferences, and socioeconomic factors that influence treatment decisions. Through systematic analysis of contemporary evidence and consideration of Africa-specific challenges including resource limitations, patient accessibility issues, and diverse clinical settings, this study provides comprehensive insights into treatment protocols that best serve African populations. The findings indicate that while single-visit treatments demonstrate comparable success rates to multiple-visit approaches in uncomplicated cases, patient preferences and clinical circumstances in African settings often favor flexible treatment protocols. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on context-appropriate endodontic care and offers evidence-based recommendations for dental practitioners, policymakers, and researchers working within African healthcare systems.
Root canal treatment, single-visit endodontics, multiple-visit endodontics, African dental practices, patient preferences, treatment outcomes, endodontic success
Longevity of Glass Ionomer vs. Composite Resin Restorations in High Caries-Risk African Populations
The selection of appropriate restorative materials for dental caries management in resource-limited settings remains a critical challenge in global oral health. This study examines the comparative longevity and clinical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composite resin restorations in high caries-risk populations across African countries, where factors such as limited access to dental care, high sugar consumption, inadequate oral hygiene practices, and challenging environmental conditions significantly influence treatment outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing clinical studies, systematic reviews, and longitudinal data from various African regions, this research evaluates survival rates, failure patterns, cost-effectiveness, and patient-centered outcomes associated with both restorative materials. The findings indicate that while composite resin restorations demonstrate superior aesthetic properties and mechanical strength under optimal conditions, glass ionomer cements exhibit remarkable clinical advantages in high caries-risk African populations due to their fluoride-releasing properties, moisture tolerance during placement, chemical adhesion to tooth structure, and reduced technique sensitivity. The evidence suggests that conventional and high-viscosity glass ionomer cements present a more pragmatic and sustainable solution for managing dental caries in resource-constrained African settings, particularly in primary teeth and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approaches. This research contributes to evidence-based decision-making for dental practitioners, public health officials, and policymakers working to improve oral health outcomes in vulnerable populations across the African continent.
Glass ionomer cement, composite resin, dental restoration longevity, high caries-risk populations, African oral health, atraumatic restorative treatment, fluoride release, minimal intervention dentistry
Orofacial Cleft Patterns and Associated Risk Factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicenter Study
Orofacial clefts represent one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies worldwide, with significant variations in prevalence and patterns across different geographical regions and populations. This multicenter study examines the epidemiological patterns, clinical presentations, and risk factors associated with orofacial clefts in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region where data remains relatively scarce despite the substantial burden of disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of clinical data from multiple healthcare centers across the region, this research identifies critical environmental, genetic, nutritional, and socioeconomic factors contributing to the occurrence of cleft lip and palate conditions. The findings reveal that Sub-Saharan Africa exhibits unique demographic patterns in orofacial clefts, with cleft lip with or without cleft palate being more prevalent than isolated cleft palate. Furthermore, the study highlights significant associations between maternal nutritional deficiencies, particularly folic acid insufficiency, consanguineous marriages, exposure to environmental teratogens, and limited access to prenatal care as major risk factors. The results underscore the urgent need for enhanced preventive strategies, improved surgical capacity, and comprehensive multidisciplinary care protocols tailored to the specific challenges faced by Sub-Saharan African populations. This research contributes valuable insights to the global understanding of orofacial clefts and provides evidence-based recommendations for public health interventions in resource-limited settings.
Orofacial clefts, cleft lip, cleft palate, Sub-Saharan Africa, congenital anomalies, risk factors, epidemiology
Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders in North African Countries
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) represent a significant public health concern in North Africa, where the incidence of oral cancer remains notably elevated compared to global averages. This comprehensive review examines the prevalence, distribution patterns, and risk factors associated with OPMDs across North African countries, including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan. Through systematic analysis of epidemiological data, clinical studies, and population-based surveys, this paper provides critical insights into the burden of oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and other premalignant lesions in the region. The findings reveal substantial geographical variation in OPMD prevalence, ranging from 0.5% to 12.8% across different populations, with tobacco use, betel quid chewing, and chronic candidiasis emerging as primary etiological factors. Understanding the distribution and determinants of OPMDs in North Africa is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies, early detection programs, and reducing the burden of oral squamous cell carcinoma in this vulnerable region.
Oral potentially malignant disorders, North Africa, oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral cancer, prevalence, epidemiology
Oral Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease in African Populations: A Comprehensive Review
Sickle cell disease (SCD) represents one of the most prevalent inherited hemoglobinopathies affecting populations of African descent, with significant implications for oral and maxillofacial health. This comprehensive review examines the spectrum of oral manifestations associated with SCD in African populations, synthesizing current evidence on prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and management strategies. The review highlights the unique challenges faced by African populations, including limited access to specialized dental care, delayed diagnosis, and complications arising from the interaction between oral pathology and systemic disease manifestations. Key oral findings include mandibular osteomyelitis, dental pulp necrosis, delayed tooth eruption, enamel hypomineralization, and periodontal disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these manifestations are primarily related to vaso-occlusive crises, chronic anemia, and bone marrow hyperplasia. Understanding these oral complications is essential for healthcare providers, particularly in resource-limited settings where SCD prevalence is highest. This review emphasizes the importance of integrated care approaches, early intervention strategies, and culturally sensitive healthcare delivery models to improve oral health outcomes in African populations affected by SCD.
Sickle cell disease, oral manifestations, African populations, dental complications, osteomyelitis, hemoglobinopathy
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Dental Sciences & Research
Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Oral Lesions in African Patients: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis
Oral lesions represent a significant health burden in African populations, yet comprehensive epidemiological data remains limited. This retrospective study analyzes the clinical and histopathological characteristics of oral lesions diagnosed over a 10-year period in African patients. Data were collected from multiple healthcare facilities across sub-Saharan Africa, encompassing 3,847 cases of oral lesions diagnosed between 2013 and 2023. The study examined demographic patterns, anatomical distribution, histopathological classifications, and clinical presentations. Results revealed that inflammatory lesions constituted the largest category (42.3%), followed by benign neoplasms (28.7%), premalignant lesions (15.4%), and malignant neoplasms (13.6%). Oral squamous cell carcinoma emerged as the most common malignant lesion, predominantly affecting males aged 50-70 years, with the tongue being the most frequently involved site. Kaposi's sarcoma showed notably higher prevalence in this population compared to global averages, correlating with HIV endemicity. The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced oral health screening programs, improved diagnostic infrastructure, and targeted intervention strategies to address the unique oral disease burden in African populations. This comprehensive analysis provides essential baseline data for healthcare planning and policy development in resource-limited settings.
oral lesions, histopathology, African patients, oral cancer, retrospective analysis, epidemiology
Periodontal Health Status Among Tobacco and Khat Users in East African Communities
This comprehensive research examines the periodontal health implications of tobacco and khat (Catha edulis) consumption among East African populations, with particular emphasis on communities in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Yemen. The synergistic effects of these substances on periodontal tissues represent a significant public health concern, particularly given the widespread cultural acceptance and increasing prevalence of concurrent use in the region. Through systematic analysis of clinical studies, epidemiological data, and cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2015 and 2024, this research reveals that dual users of tobacco and khat demonstrate significantly worse periodontal outcomes compared to non-users or single-substance users. The findings indicate elevated prevalence of gingivitis, periodontitis, attachment loss, and alveolar bone resorption among these populations. This paper synthesizes current evidence regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying periodontal deterioration, explores sociodemographic factors influencing consumption patterns, and proposes evidence-based interventions tailored to East African contexts. The research underscores the urgent need for integrated oral health strategies that address both substances within culturally appropriate frameworks, while highlighting gaps in longitudinal research and the necessity for region-specific preventive programs.
Periodontal disease, tobacco use, khat chewing, East Africa, oral health, gingivitis, periodontitis
Efficacy of Locally Sourced Herbal Extracts as Adjuncts to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Trial
Periodontal disease remains a significant public health concern affecting millions worldwide, with conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy serving as the primary treatment modality. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of locally sourced herbal extracts as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis. A total of 120 participants were randomly allocated into four groups: control group receiving standard non-surgical periodontal therapy alone, and three experimental groups receiving additional local application of neem (Azadirachta indica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), or green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts. Clinical parameters including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, and plaque index were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months post-intervention. Microbiological analysis of subgingival plaque samples was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy against periodontal pathogens. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all clinical parameters across experimental groups compared to the control group, with turmeric extract showing the most pronounced effects. The findings suggest that locally sourced herbal extracts can serve as effective, economical, and accessible adjuncts to conventional periodontal therapy, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study provides evidence-based support for integrating traditional botanical medicine with modern periodontal treatment protocols.
Periodontal therapy, herbal extracts, adjunctive treatment, chronic periodontitis, phytotherapy, botanical medicine
Prevalence of Aggressive Periodontitis in Young African Adults: A Multi-Center Study
Aggressive periodontitis represents a significant oral health challenge in young populations, particularly in African communities where early tooth loss can have profound socioeconomic implications. This multi-center study examines the prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of aggressive periodontitis among young African adults aged 18-35 years across multiple geographic regions. Drawing upon contemporary epidemiological data and clinical observations, this research synthesizes findings from various African nations to provide a comprehensive understanding of disease burden. The analysis reveals considerable geographic variation in prevalence rates, ranging from 0.5% to 5.8% depending on the region and diagnostic criteria employed. Factors including bacterial colonization patterns, genetic susceptibility, environmental conditions, and limited access to preventive dental care collectively contribute to the observed disease patterns. This study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted preventive strategies, improved diagnostic protocols, and enhanced healthcare infrastructure to address this debilitating condition in vulnerable populations. The findings provide valuable insights for public health policymakers, clinicians, and researchers working to reduce the burden of periodontal disease in African communities.
Aggressive periodontitis, young adults, Africa, prevalence, periodontal disease, epidemiology
Association Between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in African Populations: A Case-Control Study
Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus represent two chronic conditions that have shown significant bidirectional relationships in global populations, yet their association remains inadequately explored within African contexts. This case-control study investigated the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic controls across multiple African populations. A total of 486 participants (243 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 243 age-matched controls) were recruited from healthcare facilities in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa between January 2023 and December 2024. Clinical periodontal examinations included probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and plaque index measurements. Glycemic control was assessed through HbA1c levels. Results demonstrated that diabetic patients exhibited significantly higher prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis compared to controls (odds ratio = 3.24, 95% CI: 2.18-4.82, p < 0.001). Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%) was associated with increased periodontal disease severity (p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that diabetes duration, glycemic control, and oral hygiene practices were independent predictors of periodontal disease. These findings underscore the necessity for integrated dental-medical care protocols for diabetic patients in African healthcare systems and highlight the importance of periodontal health screening in diabetes management programs across the continent.
Periodontal disease, diabetes mellitus, African populations, case-control study, glycemic control, oral health
Pulp Therapy Outcomes in Primary Molars Using Locally Available Materials: A Clinical Trial in Resource-Constrained Settings
The management of pulpal pathology in primary molars presents significant challenges in resource-constrained settings where access to conventional endodontic materials remains limited. This clinical trial investigated the efficacy of locally available materials for pulp therapy in primary molars, comparing their clinical and radiographic outcomes against standard treatment protocols. A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 180 children aged 4-9 years presenting with deep carious lesions in primary molars requiring pulp therapy. Participants were randomly allocated into three treatment groups: Group A received conventional formocresol pulpotomy, Group B received pulpotomy with locally prepared zinc oxide-eugenol paste, and Group C underwent pulpectomy using a modified zinc oxide-based root canal filling material. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 3, 6, and 12-month intervals. The primary outcome measures included clinical success (absence of pain, swelling, and pathologic mobility) and radiographic success (absence of internal or external resorption, furcation radiolucency, and periapical pathology). Results demonstrated that locally available materials achieved comparable success rates to conventional materials, with Group A showing 88.3% success, Group B demonstrating 85.0% success, and Group C exhibiting 83.3% success at 12-month follow-up, with no statistically significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that locally available materials can serve as viable alternatives for pulp therapy in primary molars, particularly in settings where access to commercial endodontic products is limited. The study provides evidence-based support for adapting treatment protocols to local resource availability without compromising clinical outcomes, thereby improving access to essential pediatric dental care in underserved populations.
Pulp therapy, primary molars, resource-constrained settings, locally available materials, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, pediatric dentistry
Parental Awareness of Pediatric Oral Health and Its Impact on Children's Dental Attendance Rates in Central Africa
This research examines the critical relationship between parental awareness of pediatric oral health and children's dental attendance rates across Central African nations. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and regional health data, this study identifies significant gaps in oral health knowledge among parents and caregivers, which directly correlates with low pediatric dental attendance rates in the region. The research reveals that despite the high prevalence of dental caries and other oral health conditions among children in Central Africa, access to and utilization of dental services remains substantially limited. Socioeconomic factors, educational disparities, cultural beliefs, and infrastructural challenges emerge as primary barriers to both parental awareness and subsequent dental care-seeking behaviors. The findings suggest that targeted educational interventions, community-based health promotion programs, and policy reforms are essential to improving pediatric oral health outcomes in Central Africa. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on global oral health disparities and provides actionable recommendations for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and international health organizations working toward improved child health outcomes in resource-limited settings.
Parental awareness, pediatric oral health, dental attendance, Central Africa, oral health education, preventive dentistry, health-seeking behavior
Dental Trauma Patterns in African Children: A 5-Year Retrospective Study
Dental trauma represents a significant public health concern among pediatric populations worldwide, with distinct patterns emerging across different geographical regions. This retrospective study examines the prevalence, distribution, and characteristics of dental injuries in African children over a five-year period, drawing from comprehensive data across multiple healthcare facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis encompasses 2,847 cases of traumatic dental injuries in children aged 1-15 years, collected between 2018 and 2023. Results indicate that boys experienced dental trauma at higher rates than girls, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.8:1. The peak incidence occurred in the 7-10 year age group, accounting for 42.3% of all cases. Falls represented the most common etiological factor, contributing to 48.6% of injuries, followed by sports-related accidents and interpersonal violence. The maxillary central incisors were the most frequently affected teeth, involved in 67.8% of all traumatic incidents. Enamel-dentin fractures without pulp exposure constituted the predominant injury type, while luxation injuries showed higher prevalence in younger children. Socioeconomic factors, including limited access to protective equipment and delayed treatment-seeking behavior, significantly influenced injury outcomes. This study provides crucial epidemiological data to inform preventive strategies, policy development, and resource allocation for pediatric dental trauma management in African healthcare systems.
Dental trauma, pediatric dentistry, African children, traumatic dental injuries, epidemiology, maxillofacial injuries
Feeding Practices and Their Association with Nursing Bottle Caries in Infants Across Southern African Nations
Nursing bottle caries (NBC), also known as early childhood caries (ECC), represents a significant public health challenge across Southern African nations, where socioeconomic disparities, cultural feeding practices, and limited access to preventive dental care converge to create conditions favorable for dental disease in infants and young children. This research paper examines the multifaceted relationship between various feeding practices and the prevalence of nursing bottle caries among infants in Southern African countries, including South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Mozambique. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and epidemiological data, this study explores how infant feeding modalities—including prolonged bottle feeding, nocturnal feeding patterns, the introduction of sweetened beverages, and the timing of complementary food introduction—contribute to the development and progression of dental caries in the primary dentition. The findings reveal that nursing bottle caries affects between 30% and 70% of children under five years of age in various Southern African regions, with particularly high prevalence rates observed in rural communities where traditional feeding practices intersect with the increasing availability of processed, sugar-containing foods and beverages. The research highlights critical risk factors including the use of sweetened pacifiers, extended breastfeeding beyond recommended durations without proper oral hygiene, and the common practice of adding sugar or honey to infant bottles. Furthermore, this paper examines the socioeconomic determinants that influence feeding practices, such as maternal education levels, household income, access to clean water, and the availability of dental health services. The study emphasizes the urgent need for culturally sensitive, evidence-based interventions that address both the proximal causes of nursing bottle caries and the underlying social determinants of health. Recommendations include strengthening maternal and child health programs to incorporate oral health education, improving access to fluoridated water and dental care services, and developing community-based prevention strategies that respect traditional practices while promoting optimal infant feeding behaviors.
nursing bottle caries, early childhood caries, infant feeding practices, Southern Africa, dental health, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, oral health disparities
Integration of Oral Health Services into Primary Healthcare Systems: Challenges and Opportunities in African Countries
The integration of oral health services into primary healthcare (PHC) systems represents a critical pathway toward achieving universal health coverage and addressing the significant burden of oral diseases in African countries. Despite the recognition of oral health as an integral component of overall health and well-being, African nations continue to face substantial challenges in incorporating dental services into their existing healthcare infrastructures. This paper examines the current state of oral health service integration across African countries, identifying key barriers including workforce shortages, inadequate funding mechanisms, infrastructural deficits, and policy implementation gaps. Drawing upon empirical evidence and case studies from various African contexts, the research explores innovative models and successful interventions that demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrated care delivery. The analysis reveals that countries adopting task-shifting strategies, community-based approaches, and leveraging technology for oral health promotion have achieved measurable improvements in population oral health outcomes. Furthermore, the paper discusses opportunities emerging from continental health initiatives, increased political commitment, and the potential for South-South cooperation in addressing common challenges. The findings suggest that successful integration requires multi-sectoral collaboration, sustained investment in human resource development, strengthening of health information systems, and context-specific policy frameworks that acknowledge the diverse socio-economic realities across the African continent. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on health systems strengthening in resource-limited settings and provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, health administrators, and development partners committed to advancing oral health equity in Africa.
Oral health integration, Primary healthcare, African health systems, Universal health coverage, Oral disease burden, Health policy, Task-shifting, Community dental care
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Dental Sciences & Research
Cost-Effectiveness of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) in Resource-Limited Settings: An African Perspective
The burden of dental caries in Africa presents a significant public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings where access to conventional dental care remains severely constrained. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) has emerged as a promising alternative approach that addresses both the clinical and economic barriers to oral healthcare delivery in these contexts. This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of ART implementation across various African settings, analyzing its economic viability, clinical outcomes, and broader implications for public health policy. Through a comprehensive review of empirical evidence from multiple African countries, this study demonstrates that ART represents a financially sustainable and clinically effective intervention for managing dental caries in underserved populations. The analysis reveals that ART costs substantially less than conventional restorative treatments while maintaining comparable survival rates for single-surface restorations. Furthermore, the technique's minimal equipment requirements, reduced need for specialized infrastructure, and compatibility with task-shifting approaches make it particularly suitable for integration into primary healthcare systems across the African continent. The findings suggest that widespread adoption of ART could significantly improve oral health outcomes while optimizing the allocation of limited healthcare resources in resource-constrained environments.
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment, cost-effectiveness, dental caries, resource-limited settings, Africa, oral health economics, primary healthcare
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Oral Cancer Prevention Among Healthcare Workers in North Africa
Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern in North Africa, with healthcare workers serving as the frontline defense in early detection and prevention efforts. This study examines the current state of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding oral cancer prevention among healthcare workers across North African countries, including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and data sources, this research identifies critical gaps in healthcare workers' understanding of oral cancer risk factors, screening protocols, and preventive measures. The findings reveal considerable variations in knowledge levels across different healthcare professional categories, with dentists demonstrating higher awareness compared to general practitioners and nurses. Despite generally positive attitudes toward oral cancer prevention, practical implementation of screening procedures remains inconsistent due to systemic barriers including insufficient training programs, limited resources, and lack of standardized protocols. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted educational interventions and policy reforms to enhance healthcare workers' capacity in oral cancer prevention and early detection across the North African region.
Oral cancer, healthcare workers, knowledge attitudes practices, cancer prevention, North Africa, early detection, oral health
Traditional Chewing Sticks vs. Modern Toothbrushes: Comparative Analysis of Plaque Removal Efficacy and Gingival Health
Oral hygiene practices have evolved significantly over millennia, yet traditional methods such as chewing sticks continue to be widely used across various cultures, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This comparative analysis examines the efficacy of traditional chewing sticks versus modern toothbrushes in plaque removal and maintenance of gingival health. Through a comprehensive review of clinical studies, microbiological assessments, and epidemiological data, this research evaluates the antimicrobial properties, mechanical cleaning efficiency, and overall impact on periodontal health associated with both oral hygiene tools. The findings reveal that while modern toothbrushes demonstrate superior plaque removal efficiency when used with proper technique, traditional chewing sticks possess inherent antimicrobial properties and can be equally effective when used correctly. This paper provides insights into the potential integration of traditional oral hygiene practices with contemporary dental care approaches, offering implications for public health policy, dental product development, and cross-cultural oral health promotion strategies.
chewing sticks, miswak, toothbrush, plaque removal, gingival health, oral hygiene, traditional medicine, periodontal disease
Effectiveness of Community Water Fluoridation Programs in Reducing Dental Caries in East African Populations
Community water fluoridation (CWF) represents one of the most cost-effective public health interventions for preventing dental caries, yet its implementation and effectiveness in East African populations remain inadequately documented. This research paper examines the current state of water fluoridation programs across East African nations, evaluating their impact on dental caries prevalence in diverse socioeconomic contexts. Through systematic analysis of epidemiological data, clinical studies, and public health records from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Rwanda, this study assesses the effectiveness of CWF programs while considering regional challenges including infrastructure limitations, naturally occurring fluoride levels, and endemic fluorosis. The findings indicate that while controlled water fluoridation demonstrates significant potential for reducing dental caries incidence by 25-40% in urban populations, implementation faces substantial barriers related to water distribution systems, monitoring capacity, and the paradoxical coexistence of fluoride deficiency and excess within the same geographical regions. This paper provides evidence-based recommendations for optimizing CWF programs in East African contexts, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches that account for natural fluoride variability, community-specific risk factors, and sustainable implementation strategies. The research contributes to the broader understanding of preventive dentistry in resource-limited settings and offers practical insights for policymakers, public health professionals, and international development organizations working to improve oral health outcomes in East African communities.
Community water fluoridation, dental caries, East Africa, public health intervention, fluorosis, preventive dentistry, oral health disparities
Prevalence of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs in African Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Malocclusion represents a significant public health concern globally, affecting aesthetic appearance, oral function, and psychological well-being of adolescents. However, epidemiological data on malocclusion prevalence and orthodontic treatment needs in African adolescent populations remain fragmented and underrepresented in global oral health literature. This systematic review synthesizes available evidence on the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among African adolescents aged 10-19 years. A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2024. The review identified substantial variations in malocclusion prevalence across African regions, ranging from 34.8% to 89.3%, with Angle Class I malocclusion being the most common presentation. Orthodontic treatment needs, assessed through various indices including the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), revealed that between 20% and 65% of African adolescents require some form of orthodontic intervention. Regional disparities, socioeconomic factors, and limited access to orthodontic services emerge as critical determinants influencing treatment uptake. This review highlights the urgent need for culturally appropriate orthodontic care models, increased workforce capacity, and policy interventions to address the unmet orthodontic needs in African adolescent populations.
Malocclusion, orthodontic treatment needs, African adolescents, dental aesthetics, oral health, systematic review
Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Among HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study
The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable chronic condition, significantly extending life expectancy and improving quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide. However, the prolonged survival of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has brought to light various comorbidities and health complications that require comprehensive management, among which oral health issues remain particularly significant yet often underaddressed. This cross-sectional study examines the oral health status and treatment needs of HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, analyzing the prevalence of various oral manifestations, their association with immunological markers, and the extent of unmet dental care needs in this vulnerable population. Through systematic assessment of 385 HIV-positive individuals attending ART centers, this research reveals that despite improved systemic health outcomes with modern antiretroviral regimens, oral health complications persist with notable frequency, affecting both quality of life and overall health outcomes. The findings indicate that approximately 68% of participants presented with at least one oral lesion or condition requiring clinical intervention, with candidiasis, periodontal disease, and xerostomia being the most prevalent manifestations. Furthermore, the study demonstrates significant correlations between CD4+ T-cell counts, viral load suppression, and the occurrence of specific oral conditions, suggesting that oral health status may serve as a valuable indicator of disease progression and treatment efficacy. These results underscore the critical need for integrated oral health services within HIV care protocols and highlight the importance of routine oral health screening as an essential component of comprehensive HIV management.
HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral Therapy, Oral Health, Oral Manifestations, Treatment Needs, Cross-Sectional Study, CD4 Count, Periodontal Disease
Barriers to Accessing Dental Care Services in Remote African Communities: A Qualitative Study
Access to dental care services remains a critical public health challenge in remote African communities, where geographical isolation, economic constraints, and sociocultural factors create multifaceted barriers to oral health service utilization. This qualitative study examines the complex interplay of factors that impede dental care access in rural and remote African settings, drawing upon recent research, health system data, and community-based evidence. The findings reveal that geographical barriers, including vast distances to dental facilities and inadequate transportation infrastructure, compound with economic challenges such as high out-of-pocket costs and lack of health insurance coverage. Additionally, sociocultural factors including traditional health beliefs, low health literacy, and gender-based disparities significantly influence care-seeking behaviors. Healthcare system-related barriers, such as critical shortages of dental professionals, inadequate equipment and supplies, and poor integration of oral health into primary care, further exacerbate access challenges. This study provides evidence-based insights into the structural, economic, and social determinants that shape dental care accessibility in remote African contexts and offers recommendations for policy interventions, community-based service delivery models, and capacity-building initiatives to address these persistent inequities.
dental care access, remote communities, Africa, oral health disparities, healthcare barriers, qualitative research
Impact of School-Based Oral Health Education Programs on Dental Hygiene Practices Among Primary School Children in West Africa
Oral health remains a significant public health challenge in West Africa, where primary school children face high rates of dental caries and periodontal diseases due to limited access to dental care services and inadequate oral hygiene knowledge. This study examines the impact of school-based oral health education programs on dental hygiene practices among primary school children across West African nations. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and available data from multiple countries including Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, and Burkina Faso, this research evaluates the effectiveness of various educational interventions implemented in school settings. The findings reveal that structured oral health education programs incorporating demonstration-based teaching, supervised tooth brushing sessions, and culturally appropriate materials significantly improve children's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding oral hygiene. Schools that implemented comprehensive programs demonstrated improvement rates ranging from 35% to 68% in proper brushing techniques and frequency. However, sustainability challenges including limited resources, inadequate teacher training, and lack of parental involvement continue to hinder long-term effectiveness. This paper provides evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and public health professionals to design and implement sustainable school-based oral health interventions that can effectively reduce the burden of dental diseases among West African children.
oral health education, school-based programs, dental hygiene, primary school children, West Africa, preventive dentistry, public health intervention
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries in Rural vs. Urban Communities Across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-Country Survey
Early childhood caries (ECC) represents a significant public health challenge across Sub-Saharan Africa, affecting children's nutritional status, growth, and overall quality of life. This multi-country survey examines the prevalence and risk factors of ECC in rural versus urban communities across Sub-Saharan Africa, drawing from epidemiological data collected from Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and South Africa. The study reveals substantial disparities in caries prevalence between rural and urban settings, with rural communities exhibiting higher rates of untreated dental caries despite lower overall caries prevalence in some regions. Analysis of 12,847 children aged 0-6 years demonstrates that socioeconomic status, maternal education, dietary practices, and access to preventive dental care significantly influence ECC development. Urban children showed a prevalence rate of 42.3% compared to 38.7% in rural areas, though rural children experienced more severe manifestations and lower treatment rates. Key risk factors identified include frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, inadequate oral hygiene practices, lack of fluoride exposure, and limited access to dental services. These findings underscore the urgent need for culturally appropriate, context-specific interventions targeting both prevention and treatment of ECC in Sub-Saharan African communities. The study provides critical insights for policymakers, public health practitioners, and researchers working to address pediatric oral health disparities in resource-limited settings.
Early childhood caries, Sub-Saharan Africa, rural health, urban health, dental public health, pediatric dentistry, health disparities