Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders in North African Countries

Abstract

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) represent a significant public health concern in North Africa, where the incidence of oral cancer remains notably elevated compared to global averages. This comprehensive review examines the prevalence, distribution patterns, and risk factors associated with OPMDs across North African countries, including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan. Through systematic analysis of epidemiological data, clinical studies, and population-based surveys, this paper provides critical insights into the burden of oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and other premalignant lesions in the region. The findings reveal substantial geographical variation in OPMD prevalence, ranging from 0.5% to 12.8% across different populations, with tobacco use, betel quid chewing, and chronic candidiasis emerging as primary etiological factors. Understanding the distribution and determinants of OPMDs in North Africa is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies, early detection programs, and reducing the burden of oral squamous cell carcinoma in this vulnerable region.