Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Oral Lesions in African Patients: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis

Abstract

Oral lesions represent a significant health burden in African populations, yet comprehensive epidemiological data remains limited. This retrospective study analyzes the clinical and histopathological characteristics of oral lesions diagnosed over a 10-year period in African patients. Data were collected from multiple healthcare facilities across sub-Saharan Africa, encompassing 3,847 cases of oral lesions diagnosed between 2013 and 2023. The study examined demographic patterns, anatomical distribution, histopathological classifications, and clinical presentations. Results revealed that inflammatory lesions constituted the largest category (42.3%), followed by benign neoplasms (28.7%), premalignant lesions (15.4%), and malignant neoplasms (13.6%). Oral squamous cell carcinoma emerged as the most common malignant lesion, predominantly affecting males aged 50-70 years, with the tongue being the most frequently involved site. Kaposi's sarcoma showed notably higher prevalence in this population compared to global averages, correlating with HIV endemicity. The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced oral health screening programs, improved diagnostic infrastructure, and targeted intervention strategies to address the unique oral disease burden in African populations. This comprehensive analysis provides essential baseline data for healthcare planning and policy development in resource-limited settings.