Periodontal Health Status Among Tobacco and Khat Users in East African Communities

Abstract

This comprehensive research examines the periodontal health implications of tobacco and khat (Catha edulis) consumption among East African populations, with particular emphasis on communities in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Yemen. The synergistic effects of these substances on periodontal tissues represent a significant public health concern, particularly given the widespread cultural acceptance and increasing prevalence of concurrent use in the region. Through systematic analysis of clinical studies, epidemiological data, and cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2015 and 2024, this research reveals that dual users of tobacco and khat demonstrate significantly worse periodontal outcomes compared to non-users or single-substance users. The findings indicate elevated prevalence of gingivitis, periodontitis, attachment loss, and alveolar bone resorption among these populations. This paper synthesizes current evidence regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying periodontal deterioration, explores sociodemographic factors influencing consumption patterns, and proposes evidence-based interventions tailored to East African contexts. The research underscores the urgent need for integrated oral health strategies that address both substances within culturally appropriate frameworks, while highlighting gaps in longitudinal research and the necessity for region-specific preventive programs.