Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Among HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable chronic condition, significantly extending life expectancy and improving quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide. However, the prolonged survival of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has brought to light various comorbidities and health complications that require comprehensive management, among which oral health issues remain particularly significant yet often underaddressed. This cross-sectional study examines the oral health status and treatment needs of HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, analyzing the prevalence of various oral manifestations, their association with immunological markers, and the extent of unmet dental care needs in this vulnerable population. Through systematic assessment of 385 HIV-positive individuals attending ART centers, this research reveals that despite improved systemic health outcomes with modern antiretroviral regimens, oral health complications persist with notable frequency, affecting both quality of life and overall health outcomes. The findings indicate that approximately 68% of participants presented with at least one oral lesion or condition requiring clinical intervention, with candidiasis, periodontal disease, and xerostomia being the most prevalent manifestations. Furthermore, the study demonstrates significant correlations between CD4+ T-cell counts, viral load suppression, and the occurrence of specific oral conditions, suggesting that oral health status may serve as a valuable indicator of disease progression and treatment efficacy. These results underscore the critical need for integrated oral health services within HIV care protocols and highlight the importance of routine oral health screening as an essential component of comprehensive HIV management.