Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in North Africa: Incidence Patterns, Risk Factors, and Survival Outcomes Over Two Decades

Abstract

Oral cancer represents a significant public health challenge in North Africa, with epidemiological patterns demonstrating considerable variation across the region over the past two decades. This comprehensive study examines the incidence trends, demographic distributions, risk factor profiles, and survival outcomes of oral cancer across North African countries from 2000 to 2020. Through systematic analysis of population-based cancer registries, clinical databases, and epidemiological surveillance systems, this research reveals that oral cancer incidence has increased by approximately 25-30% across the region, with notable disparities between countries and demographic groups. The male-to-female ratio ranges from 2:1 to 4:1 depending on the specific country and anatomical subsite. Traditional risk factors including tobacco use, particularly in smokeless forms, alcohol consumption, and betel quid chewing remain predominant, while emerging risk factors such as human papillomavirus infection are increasingly recognized. Five-year survival rates demonstrate substantial variation from 35% to 55% across different North African nations, reflecting disparities in healthcare access, early detection programs, and treatment infrastructure. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies, enhanced screening programs, and improved therapeutic interventions tailored to the unique epidemiological landscape of North Africa. This research provides critical insights for policymakers, clinicians, and public health professionals working to reduce the burden of oral cancer in this geographically and culturally diverse region.