Oral Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease in African Populations: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) represents one of the most prevalent inherited hemoglobinopathies affecting populations of African descent, with significant implications for oral and maxillofacial health. This comprehensive review examines the spectrum of oral manifestations associated with SCD in African populations, synthesizing current evidence on prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and management strategies. The review highlights the unique challenges faced by African populations, including limited access to specialized dental care, delayed diagnosis, and complications arising from the interaction between oral pathology and systemic disease manifestations. Key oral findings include mandibular osteomyelitis, dental pulp necrosis, delayed tooth eruption, enamel hypomineralization, and periodontal disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these manifestations are primarily related to vaso-occlusive crises, chronic anemia, and bone marrow hyperplasia. Understanding these oral complications is essential for healthcare providers, particularly in resource-limited settings where SCD prevalence is highest. This review emphasizes the importance of integrated care approaches, early intervention strategies, and culturally sensitive healthcare delivery models to improve oral health outcomes in African populations affected by SCD.